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In this study, a HA-based hydrogel was prepared in situ in the cracked water. This is a significant advantage for its application in real-time water-leakage test and in situ self-healing. The fast-growing HA is dissolved in the water to generate HA-based hydrogel in situ in the damaged zone. The HA-based hydrogel provides sufficient water to activate and keep bacterial activity in the crack zone. In addition, the hydrogel also has good water retention capacity. The HA-based hydrogel can be molded and cast into various shapes. Therefore, it is very suitable for practical application. During the self-healing process, the crack zone can be monitored in real-time by the naked eye or with an optical microscope. The self-healing properties of the HA-based hydrogel were investigated. The results show that the HA-based hydrogel has good water retention capability. This allows it to supply the water for bacterial activity and to release the water when it has dried out. The self-healing time is calculated to be about 12 min. Both the water leakage test and the self-healing test were performed for different HA-based hydrogel with different HA concentrations. The results show that the self-healing time decreases with increasing HA concentration. This is due to the fact that the HA-based hydrogel has sufficient water retention capability. The water supply can be conveniently controlled by the concentration of the hydrogel. When the water supply is too limited, the bacterial activity in the crack zone will be weakened. Conversely, if the water supply is too abundant, the water will be retained inside the hydrogel and cannot be released out during the self-healing process. Therefore, the self-healing time can be regulated by the water retention capacity of the hydrogel.
In this study, the results for the MICP test showed that the MICP reaction is quite fast with a high reaction rate. Apparently, the concrete cracks filled with MICP can heal within 1 week. A previous study by our group showed that adding bacterial sludge into concrete can also trigger a rapid MICP reaction and subsequent calcium carbonate precipitation (Wang et al., 2012b). Bacterial spores are the primary form of survival for microorganisms in a natural environment, and thus they are ubiquitous in soil. These spores are dormant and survive for long periods of time. As a result, they can be an easily obtainable source of calcium carbonate (Wang et al., 2014c). The small amount of MICP used in this study (3 g/L of sludge for dry weight) was enough to trigger MICP reaction and to fill up the crack. It can be expected that the MICP reaction will be much faster if higher amount of bacterial sludge (50-100 g/L) is used. 827ec27edc